Hormone responses to a continuous bout of rock climbing in men

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Hormone responses to a continuous bout of rock climbing in men

Statistically significantly different HRV times and frequency domains (RR interval, SD1, RMSSD, LF, and HF) between the sedentary individuals and indoor rock climbers indicate that the long-term practice of sport climbing stimulates parasympathetic activity (Gomez et al., 2017). Moreover, a large increase in cortisol concentration and a large decrease in the T/C ratio (-42%) on day 14 indicated that at the end of the camp period climbers entered a state of overreaching. The relative strength of finger flexors is one of the most important factors determining performance in sport climbing (Magiera and Ryguła, 2007; Michailov, 2014; Sheel, 2004). This outcome is supported by the major finding of the study of McNamara et al. (2013) into the uncoupling of neuromuscular, endocrine, and perceptual fatigue markers in response to external loads during morning monitoring. Morning fatigue caused by climbing difficulty of more than 70% (climbing workload in the peak performance period) also contributed to a large decrease in HR-S-L and T/C and it may have been responsible for a similar pattern of changes in HR-S-L, d-S-SD1, MVC and Sleep. In that study, a likely cause of cortisol reduction was climbers’ exposure to the natural environment that effectively reduced daily stress.
Sarcopenia is the age-related progressive loss of muscle mass and strength. Insufficient recovery may impair their performance as well as make them more vulnerable to injuries, a loss of concentration during belaying, etc. Firstly, there are studies that show in detail how individual spectral patterns of HRV and HR divert in «fatigue» states from a «no fatigue» condition and reveal the clustering of different types of fatigue through mathematical proximity of HR and HRV indexes. In this study, of all HR indexes HR-S-L was the most strongly (negatively) correlated with mean Difficulty-1d, especially in Phase II.
Although two weeks of climbing activity are insufficient to significantly improve climbers’ fitness, daily HRV changes can have influence on their readiness. The conclusions might be different if weekly averages (Bompa and Haff, 2009; Meur et al., 2013; Shona, 2014) or cardiovascular benefits from long-term practice of sport climbing (Gomez et al., 2017) were used. Lastly, it is relevant to note that in this study the morning data were analysed on a day-to-day basis. HR and HRV have in recent years been frequently used to study changes in athletes’ autonomic nervous systems to gain insight into their adaptation/fatigue status. In this study, CAR was not tested because cortisol was measured only once approx. Nevertheless, the authors concluded that longer sleep duration was related to a more dynamic cortisol secretion, the so-called cortisol awakening response (CAR – percentage increase in cortisol secretion from awakening to 30 minutes later).
The monitoring of the uncoupling of neuromuscular, hormonal, cardiovascular markers can reveal variations in morning fatigue and the level of readiness during the climbing camp. Changes in cardiovascular (L-HR, L-SD1, L-SD2, S-HR, S-SD1, S-SD2, HR-S-L), hormonal (cortisol, testosterone, T/C ratio), neuromuscular (MVC) variables, sleep and perception of fatigue (M-Fatigue) as noted in Pre-Phase and Phases I and II. To determine differences between the 3 phases of the study and between particular camp days, the Friedman`s ANOVA test with post-hoc tests (Average rank and Sum of rank) was performed. The study participants were asked to self-assess their morning fatigue on a 10-point Linkert Scale (M-Fatigue), as well as other psychological symptoms of overtraining such as reduced motivation, irritability, depressed mood, inattention, sleepiness (Bompa and Haff, 2009; Meeysen et al., 2013).
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Significant correlations were established between the previous climbing day’s workload (mean Difficulty-1d) and MVC, git.saidomar.fr d-Cortisol, Sleep (in all 3 periods), HR-S-L, d-S-HR, T/C (Phase II and Phases I+II as a whole), d-S-SD1 (only Phase II). As can be seen in Figure 1, HR-S-L differentiated between climbers in Phase I, yet in Phase II it was identical for all of them (the direction of changes was only positive or negative). In Table 1, changes in all variables in the Pre-Phase (3 days), Phase I (7 days) and Phase II (7 days) are shown. Mean and standard deviations of the morning readings of air temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure were 22.67 ± 3.02oC, 66.29 ± 18.31%, 925 ± 5.10 hPa, respectively.